1. What is Intellectual Property (IP), and why is it important?
Intellectual Property (IP) refers to legal rights that protect creations of the mind, such as trademarks, copyrights, patents, trade secrets, geographical indications, and industrial designs. Protecting IP helps businesses and individuals secure exclusive rights over their innovations, prevent unauthorized use, and monetize their creative assets.
Recognized among Kenya’s top IP lawyers, our IP experts at Cavendrys assist businesses in securing exclusive rights to their innovations, preventing infringement, and maximizing the commercial value of their IP assets.

2. What are the main IP Laws in Kenya? The primary IP Laws include:

The Industrial Property Act (2001) – Governs patents, industrial designs, and utility models.

The Trademarks Act (Cap. 506) – Regulates trademark registration, opposition, and enforcement.

The Copyright Act (Cap. 130) – Covers protection of literary, artistic, and musical works.

The Anti-Counterfeit Act (2008) – Addresses counterfeit goods and IP infringement enforcement.

The Seeds and Plant Varieties Act (Cap. 326) – Protects plant breeders' rights.

The Competition Act (2010) – Regulates anti-competitive practices, including misleading branding and unfair competition related to IP.

The Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Cultural Expressions Act (2016) – Safeguards indigenous knowledge and cultural heritage.

The main regulatory authorities for IP in Kenya include:

Kenya Industrial Property Institute (KIPI)

Kenya Copyright Board (KECOBO)

Anti-Counterfeit Authority (ACA)

Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service (KEPHIS)

3. How do I register a trademark in Kenya? Step 1: Conduct a Trademark Search – Search the KIPI database to check name/logo availability.
Step 2: Submit an Application – File your trademark application, specifying brand details and class.
Step 3: Publication & Opposition – Trademark is published in the IP Journal for 60 days.
Step 4: Certificate – If unopposed, KIPI issues a certificate valid for 10 years (renewable).

Tip: Consider international registration via the Madrid Protocol if expanding globally.

4. What kind of names cannot be trademarked? KIPI may reject names that are:

Generic or descriptive (e.g., “Best Bread”).
Deceptive or misleading.
Identical or similar to existing trademarks.
Contain official symbols or national flags.
Contrary to public morality or order.

5. What is the test for trademark infringement? Infringement occurs when a confusingly similar mark is used without permission. The test includes:

Likelihood of confusion
Similarity in appearance, sound, or meaning
Related or identical goods/services

Tip: You can oppose a similar trademark or take legal action for passing off.

6. Is my trademark protected if it is not registered? Yes, under the common law doctrine of passing off. You must prove:

Goodwill in the brand

Misrepresentation by another party

Resulting damage to your business Tip: Registration provides stronger, enforceable protection.

7. What is passing off? Passing off is when a business falsely associates with your brand, leading to customer confusion and harm. It protects unregistered marks with established goodwill.

8. What can be copyrighted in Kenya? Copyright protects:

Books, films, music

Software and databases

Art and photography

Marketing content

9. What is the test for copyright infringement?

Infringement involves unauthorized use and considers:

Substantial similarity

Lack of permission

Economic loss to the copyright holder Tip: Online reposting, sampling, and software piracy are common forms of infringement.

10. Can recipes be protected under IP laws?

Copyright: Written recipes

Trade Secrets: Undisclosed formulas

Trademarks: Branding, packaging

Patents: Only if involving a new process

11. What are Geographical Indications (GIs)? GIs protect products tied to a region (e.g., Kenyan Coffee). Kenya uses collective marks via KIPI due to the absence of standalone GI laws. Compliance with certification standards is required.

12. What should I do if someone copies my trademark or creative work?

Send a Cease-and-Desist Letter

File a complaint with KIPI, KECOBO, or ACA

Take legal action for damages and injunctions Tip: Regular IP monitoring is key.

13. How does the Data Protection Act relate to IP? While personal images aren’t IP, they are protected under the Data Protection Act. Use without consent may trigger regulatory action. E.g., using an influencer’s image without permission.

14. Is software protected by copyright in Kenya? Yes. Software (source code, design) is treated as literary work under copyright law.

15. Do I need to register software with KECOBO to be protected? No, but registration is advisable for enforcement and ownership proof.

16. Who owns the copyright in software developed by employees or contractors?

Employees: Employer owns it

Contractors: Ownership stays unless assigned in writing Startups should include assignment clauses in all agreements.

17. Can I patent software in Kenya? Not as such. Kenya does not allow patenting of software unless it is part of a broader technical invention.

18. What are the risks of not securing software copyright properly?

Founders or developers may claim rights

Difficult to enforce ownership

Investor hesitation

Greater exposure to infringement

19. What qualifies for patent protection in Kenya?

Novelty

Inventive step

Industrial applicability

20. Can I file a patent before full development? Yes, via a provisional application, followed by a complete application within 12 months.

21. How long does patent protection last? 20 years, renewable annually after grant.

22. What if my invention isn't patentable but still valuable? Apply for a utility model – easier to obtain, valid for 10 years.

23. Can I protect my patent outside Kenya? Yes. Kenya is a WIPO and ARIPO member, allowing regional and international filings.

24. Is an unregistered trademark protected? To some extent, via common law passing off. But enforcement is harder and riskier than with registration.

25. Can someone else register my unregistered brand? Yes. Kenya uses a first-to-file system. If they register it before you, you may lose rights unless you oppose or litigate.

26. Are foreign trademarks protected in Kenya? Well-known foreign marks may be protected, but enforcement is limited. Registration is the best safeguard.

27. How can Cavendrys help businesses protect IP in Kenya?

IP registration (Kenya & global)

IP contracts & licensing

Infringement enforcement & litigation

Counterfeit & brand protection

IP due diligence for M&A

Regulatory representation

Dispute resolution (litigation, ADR)

IP audits & commercialization strategy

Competition law & misleading claims

Defamation & privacy rights
Our lawyers are trusted experts in IP and tech, helping businesses across Africa protect, scale, and monetize their innovations. We blend legal rigor with practical strategy, across every phase of your IP lifecycle.

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Catherine Kariuki Mulika

Janet Othero